Preflight of an Airplane

How to Do a Thorough Preflight Inspection of an Airplane (Without Rushing or Regretting It Later)

Let’s be honest—preflights aren’t glamorous. You’re on the ramp, maybe sweating, maybe freezing, maybe just itching to get in the air. But skipping or rushing your preflight? That’s how accidents start. And the FAA really expects you to do it right.

So let’s walk through what a solid, no-shortcuts preflight looks like. Whether you’re a student, a rusty pilot getting back in the game, or even a seasoned flyer who just wants a refresh, this guide’s for you.

Why Preflight Inspections Matter (Like, a Lot)

It’s easy to think of preflights as a checklist chore, but here’s the deal: stuff breaks. Things wear out. That plane might’ve flown fine yesterday and still be totally unsafe today. And guess who’s responsible for making sure it’s airworthy before taking off?

You are. According to FAR 91.3, the pilot in command (PIC) is directly responsible for, and is the final authority on, the operation of the aircraft. Part of that job is verifying the aircraft is safe to fly.

Also, FAR 91.7 says you can't operate an aircraft unless it's in airworthy condition. And FAR 91.103 makes it clear: you need to be familiar with everything that affects that flight—including aircraft status.

Before You Touch the Plane: Use the PAVE Checklist

Before you even start the walkaround, take 60 seconds to run through the FAA's PAVE checklist. It’s all about risk management, and it helps you catch issues you might not see during the physical inspection.

• P – Pilot: Are you good to go? Are you well-rested, not sick, up-to-date on training, and mentally sharp? Any meds or stress in the way?
  
  

• A – Aircraft: Is the plane legal, airworthy, and equipped for the mission? Got the fuel, range, and performance you need?
  
  

• V – enVironment: What’s the weather like? Is the airport familiar? Any NOTAMs, TFRs, terrain, or runway issues?
  
  

• E – External pressures: Are you feeling rushed? Passengers in a hurry? Trying to beat weather or make a dinner reservation?
  
  

If any red flags pop up during PAVE, deal with them now—don’t push it. That’s how good pilots stay safe. If it is too much, then it is a good day to go for a hike instead of flying.

Step-by-Step Preflight Breakdown

Now that your brain’s in the game, let’s go nose-to-tail.

1. Start with Paperwork

Before you even touch the plane, check the documents. Use the acronym ARROW:

• Airworthiness Certificate
  
  

• Registration
  
  

• Radio License (only for international)
  
  

• Operating Limitations (POH or AFM)
  
  

• Weight and Balance
  
  

Inspections to check (logbook or sticker in plane):

• Annual (every 12 months)
  
  

• 100-hour (if it's for hire)
  
  

• Transponder (every 24 months – FAR 91.413)
  
  

• ELT (every 12 months – FAR 91.207)
  
  

• Pitot-static (every 24 months if flying IFR – FAR 91.411)
  
  

2. Walkaround – Do It Like You Mean It

Go in a consistent order so you don’t forget stuff. Most people go clockwise or counter-clockwise. Here’s what you’re looking for:

Nose / Engine Area

• Oil level: Within limits? Add if low.
  
  

• Any oil or fuel leaks?
  
  

• Cowling secure.
  
  

• Propeller: No nicks, cracks, or damage.
  
  

• Spinner tight.
  
  

• Intakes clear.
  
  

• Hoses and belts: Not frayed or leaking?
  
  

Fuel

• Quantity: Verify visually. Don’t trust the gauge alone.
  
  

• Quality: Drain from sumps. Look for water, dirt, or color issues.
  
  

• Fuel caps secure, vents clear?
  
  

Even if it rained last night or you think it’s fine—always sump.

Wings

• Leading edge: No bird strikes or dings.
  
  

• Ailerons: Move freely. No binding.
  
  

• Hinges tight, no loose hardware.
  
  

• Fuel vents open.
  
  

• Stall warning: Suction test if required.
  
  

Landing Gear

• Tires: Proper pressure, no bald spots or cords.
  
  

• Brakes: Leaks or cracked lines?
  
  

• Struts inflated.
  
  

• Any puddles or stains under the plane?
  
  

Fuselage & Tail

• No popped rivets, dents, or signs of hangar rash.
  
  

• Antennas secure.
  
  

• Elevator and rudder: Move fully and freely.
  
  

• Trim tab secure.
  
  

Lights & Pitot Tube

• Navigation, landing, beacon/strobes: Working?
  
  

• Pitot tube cover off?
  
  

• Static ports clear?
  
  

3. Cockpit Check

• Controls: Full, free movement.
  
  

• Avionics on and working.
  
  

• Instruments: Altimeter set, gyros spinning.
  
  

• Magnetos: OFF before starting (and double-check it).
  
  

• Breakers in.
  
  

• Seats locked, belts secure.
  
  

• Fire extinguisher present and charged.
  
  

• Fuel selector: Proper tank.
  
  

• Flaps set.
  
  

• Trim set for takeoff.
  
  

4. Passenger Safety Briefing

If you’ve got folks flying with you, give them a quick, clear safety briefing. You’re required to do this by FAR 91.107(a), and it’s just smart practice.

Tell your passengers:

• How to buckle and adjust seat belts and shoulder harnesses.
  
  

• How to open the door and emergency exits.
  
  

• Where the fire extinguisher is.
  
  

• To keep clear of controls unless told otherwise.
  
  

• To speak up if they feel sick or uneasy.
  
  

• Not to distract you during takeoff, landing, or radio calls (“sterile cockpit” rule).
  
  

Doesn’t need to be a big speech—just cover the basics and make sure they feel comfortable and safe.

FAA Safety Emphasis

The FAA sees a lot of accidents caused by things that should’ve been caught on preflight. Like:

• Fuel contamination (water in the tanks)
  
  

• FOD (forgotten tie-downs or gust locks)
  
  

• Flight control interference
  
  

• Undetected maintenance issues
  
  

These aren’t rare flukes—they’re common. Which is why preflights matter every single time.

Mental Checklist Before Engine Start

Ask yourself:

• Is this plane legal and safe?
  
  

• Am I physically and mentally ready?
  
  

• Did anything in PAVE give me pause?
  
  

• Would I let someone I care about ride in this plane right now?
  
  

Bottom Line

A thorough preflight isn’t about being paranoid—it’s about being professional. Even if you’re just flying for fun, it’s your life and your responsibility.

Take the extra 10 minutes. Use the checklist. Trust your instincts. The goal isn’t just a smooth flight—it’s making sure you get to fly again tomorrow.

FAA AC, PILOT'S GUIDE to PREFLIGHT BRIEFING

FAA Safety Passenger Safety Briefing